Бургундская Армия 1471-77. Статьи. Опции

[Voldaimar]

Базовые статьи по организации бургундской армии: http://www.geocities.com/thorvin.geo/ordinances.htm http://www.luc.edu/publications/medieval/vol15/15ch2.html Надеюсь список будет пополняться. Очень мало материалов доступно в сети... Буду благодарен за любую конкретную информацию по этому вопросу.

[Andre Grigou]

[b:a72e12ed0a]The Ordinance of St. Maximin de Tréves: October 1473[/b:a72e12ed0a] This remarkable ordinance is by far the most complete, and involves a total reorganization of the companies in an Italian style. Instead of being divided into groups of ten lances, commanded by a disinier, the company is to consist of four squadrons of 25 lances, each squadron led by a chef d’escadre. The squadron is subdivided into four chambres, each of which is composed of six lances under a chef de chambre. The composition of the lance (which is not stated) was almost certainly based on the original 1471 ordinance. In practice, the companies rarely achieved the necessary effectives, and the missing numbers were sometimes provided from the feudal levies or mercenaries not connected with the ordinances. After the preamble, the ordinance describes how the conducteurs are to apply for their positions in writing, and their subsequent election by the duke, which is to remain in force for no more than a year. Conducteurs are responsible for selecting three of their four chefs de escadre, and hearing their oath of loyalty to the duke. The duke was to appoint the fourth chef de escadre to every company. The chefs de chambre must furnish their superior officers with a list of names and addresses of each man under their orders. The chef d’escadre must similarly provide a list to his conducteur, who is to give one copy to the duke, if present on campaign, and keep the other in a safe place: the ordinance suggests he keep it in his hat. Billeting procedures are set down in detail: the army must wait outside of a town while a billeting officer from each company , together with a man-at-arms from each squadron accompanied by three archers, make the necessary arrangements. Soldiers are not to leave the ranks during this time and may not take lodgings other than those allotted to them. Any complaints are to be referred to the conducteur. For prolonged stays, however, men may choose between lodging in a hostel or in private houses, with the consent of the householder in the latter case. Much space is devoted to discipline, and the conducteurs and chefs d’escadre must assure the good conduct of their men to the population. A commissary is to be appointed to record any complaints from the civilians and make good any damage, the cost being deducted from the culprit’s next pay. The common practice of forcing one’s host to go out and buy wine at his own expense must cease forthwith, and victuals are to be paid for at market prices. However, the town is to provide cooking utensils and bedding. The morning of departure is to be heralded by three trumpet calls. On the first, everyone must pack his baggage; on the second, the lances, chambres and squadrons must form up; and on the last call they must assemble in their respective companies. The conductor of each company must carry an ensign of distinctive design and colour (in the case of the 10th company, a violet standard bearing St. Julien at the hoist, with the ducal motto following in gold). Each chef d’escadre must carry a coronet matching his conducteurs ensign, but marked in gold lettering respectively‘c’,’cc’,’ccc’,’cccc’ for each squadron. Each chef de chambre is to wear a banderole on his sallet, again matching the company’s ensign, bearing the number of c;s corresponding to his squadron, and designating the number of his chambre. On the march everyone must keep together and carefully follow his ensign or coronet. Anyone leaving his rank to forage or pillage is to be severely punished, by loss of wages in peacetime, by loss of equipment in time of war, and if in enemy territory, by death. Deserters are of course treated most severely; and when a desertion is reported, marshals are to be sent to the offender’s place of residence to await and arrest him. The army must march for two days, progressing at least five leagues daily, and may rest on the third day only if necessary. The dukes soldiers additionally were not allowed to swear or blaspheme, nor to play with dice. Any man requiring leave must apply in writing to the man-at-arms under whose orders he is, giving the reasons and length of time requires. If his request seems reasonable, the man-at-arms should present his case to the conducteur for his signature. The request is handed to the chef d’escadre for a further signature, then to the chef de chambre who must sign it yet again, then to the relevant man-at-arms who must also sign it, and finally back to the original applicant. In peacetime, no more than five men-at-arms and 15 other soldiers from a squadron may take leave at any one time, and in time of war this is further restricted to two men-at-arms and six soldiers. Moreover, in order to discourage desertion, a man-at-arms must leave his best horses behind him, and a soldier all his fighting equipment. Any overstaying of leave is punished by the offender’s loss of wages for an equal time to that of his unauthorized absence. In order to prevent squabbles, the sharing of the booty is laid down: the conducteurs are entitled to fiver percent of the value of the booty seized by their companies, the chefs d’escadre to two and a half percent of that seized by their squadrons, and the chef de chambre to a quarter of that taken by his chambre, but only if he was present when it was acquired. Inspections of men and equipment are to be held every three months in the presence of commissaries and notaries. The borrowing or substitution of missing equipment (a regular practice even then, judging from legal records) is to be severely punished, and the offending equipment confiscated, half it’s value being paid to the accuser and half to the inspecting commissary. Pay is to be distributed at each inspection as follows: Man-at-arms 18 francs per month Chef d’escadre 30 pietres + 3 francs per month Archers Mounted crossbowmen 3 sols per day In case of death, wages due up to time of death are to be made to the executors of the deceased. The most remarkable section of the 1473 ordinance was that dealing with exercises and drill, which seems to have been wholly new. “Furthermore, my lord (the duke) ordains that, in order that the said troops may be better trained and exercised in the use of arms and better practised and instructed when something happens, when they are in garrison, or have the time and leisure to do this, the captains of the squadrons and the chambres are from time to time to take some of their men-at-arms out into the fields, sometimes partly, sometimes fully armed, to practice charging with the lance, keeping in close formation while charging, (how) to charge briskly, to defend their ensigns, to withdraw on command, and to rally, each helping the other, when so ordered, and how to withstand a charge. In like manner (they are to exercise) the archer with their horses, to get them used to dismounting and drawing their bows. They must learn how to attach their horses together by their bridles and make them walk forward directly behind them, attaching the horses of the three archers by their bridles to the saddle-bow of the page to whose man-at-arms they belong:, also to march briskly forwards and to fire without breaking rank. The pikemen must be made to advance in close formation in front of the said archers, kneel at a sign from them, holding their pikes lowered to the level of a horse’s back so that the archers can fire over the pikemen as if over a wall. Thus, if the pikemen see that the enemy are breaking rank, they will be near enough to charge them in good order according to their instructions. (The archers must also learn to) place themselves back to back in double defense, or in a square or circle, always with the pikemen outside them to withstand the charge of the enemy horse and their horses with the pages enclosed in their midst. The conducteurs can begin by introducing this way of doing things to small groups and, when one of these groups is practiced and instructed, they can take out others. While doing this, the conducteurs are to keep an eye on (all) their people every day so that none will dare absence themselves or be without horses and armour, because they will not be sure on which day the conducteurs will want to take them out on exercises. Thus each will be constrained to learn to do his duty.” The equipment of most of the members of the lance is given in detail. The man-at-arms must wear a full breastplate with a fauld, a sallet, barbute, or armet surmounted by blue and white plumes. He must be armed with a long, light lance, a sharp knife hanging on the left side of his saddle, and a mace on his right. One of his three horses must be capable of charging and wearing a plumed chamfron and bard; the other two, for his page and coustillier, must have cost at least 30 écus and 20 écus respectively. The coustillier must wear a brigandine or a split corselet ‘in the German manner’, a gorget (meaning standard or bevor), tassets, braies d’ acier (probably mail), vambraces, and gauntlets. He must be equipped with a light lance, that may be lowered for charging if necessary (coustilliers were routinely inter spaced with the men-at-arms). He must also have a good sword, and a long double-edged dagger. The mounted archer must possess a horse worth not less than six francs, and should wear a visorless sallet, a gorget, a brigandine or a sleeveless mail shirt under a ten layer jack. He should carry a long, sharp two-handed sword and a double-edged dagger; his doublet must not have the fashionable puffed-out upper sleeves and his forearms should be armoured in such a way as to not impede his shooting. Knee length boots should be worn with short spurs and without piked toes, in order to let him walk freely. Mounted crossbowmen must wear a brigandine or corselet, light armour on the arms, a gorget, sallet, and the same spurs as the mounted archers. Their horses must not be worth less than ten écus. Взято у коллег из-за рубежа http://www.wolfeargent.com/ordonnances.htm